Microbiome-Derived Metabolites as Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are chronic, debilitating conditions characterized by aberrant immune responses against self-antigens. In recent years, the human microbiome has emerged as a critical modulator of immune homeostasis, with increasing evidence pointing to microbiome-derived metabolites as pivotal agents influencing immune responses. This review explores the role of microbiome-derived metabolites in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Particular attention is paid to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan catabolites, bile acid derivatives, and microbial polyamines. The therapeutic potential of targeting these metabolites is discussed in the context of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The article concludes with a discussion on the translational challenges and future directions for microbiome-targeted therapies in autoimmune conditions.