Lifecycle Assessment of Biodegradable vs. Synthetic Running Shoes: Performance, Durability, and Carbon Footprint

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive lifecycle assessment (LCA) comparing the environmental impacts of biodegradable and synthetic running shoes, evaluating their performance across production, use, and endoflife phases. The analysis reveals that while biodegradable models demonstrate a 34% reduction in carbon emissions and lower fossil fuel dependence compared to conventional synthetic shoes, these benefits are offset by higher water consumption, agricultural land use, and reduced durability. Mechanical testing showed biodegradable midsoles exhibit 18% greater compression set and natural rubber outsoles degrade 19% faster under abrasion, leading to a 23% shorter functional lifespan. Endoflife analysis indicated that while biodegradable shoes achieve 94% decomposition under industrial composting, they only break down 31% in landfill conditions, highlighting their dependence on proper waste management infrastructure. The findings suggest that current biodegradable materials face significant tradeoffs between environmental benefits and performance requirements, emphasizing the need for hybrid material systems and improved composting infrastructure to realize circular economy potential. This research provides critical insights for footwear manufacturers, policymakers, and sustainability practitioners seeking to balance ecological objectives with product functionality in athletic footwear design.