Determinants of Digital Transformation in Local Public Services: Evidence from Spanish Municipalities

Abstract

This study investigates the key factors influencing the digital transformation of public services within local governments in Spain. By analyzing 102 municipalities, the research evaluates the extent to which digital tools are integrated into public administration, focusing on transparency, citizen engagement, and online service delivery. A comprehensive content analysis of municipal websites was conducted using an adapted digital maturity index, while a dependency model identified the principal determinants driving digital advancement. Findings reveal that larger municipalities tend to have more advanced digital infrastructures and provide a broader range of e-services, including online procedures and real-time communication channels. Moreover, political variables, especially the ideology of the ruling party, significantly impact the adoption and depth of digital transformation, with progressive administrations generally showing stronger commitments to digital innovation. The study also highlights the role of citizen participation mechanisms, demonstrating that municipalities actively involving stakeholders in decision-making processes foster more dynamic and inclusive digital governance. The results underscore the need for tailored digital strategies that consider local characteristics such as population size, political leadership, and resource availability. Additionally, the research points to the importance of continuous investment in digital capacity-building and organizational change management to sustain long-term modernization efforts. This paper contributes to understanding how local governments can leverage digital technologies to enhance public service quality, transparency, and democratic participation.